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很久以来,牡蛎作为当地居民、游客和全球市场喜爱的食物,在沿海地区的经济中扮演着重要的角色。同时,大量牡蛎聚集生长所形成的生物性结构称为牡蛎礁,是一种重要的海岸带栖息地,能够带来多重生态效益。然而,过去的一百年里,在全球范围内,因过度捕捞、水体污染、海岸带开发和病害等原因,牡蛎礁栖息地,已退化消失了85%(Beck et al., 2011)。# s# B& E5 `% p0 B
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在有些地方,牡蛎礁能够起到防波堤的作用,作为天然屏障抵御海浪冲击和海平面上升带来的影响——尤其是在气候持续变化的情况下。© Jerod Foster $ ]& Q( j8 h- |0 s
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牡蛎通过滤食活动可以减少水体中的悬浮微粒和多余营养物,提高水体清澈度;除了净化水体外,牡蛎礁的三维结构不仅能够为众多的海洋生物提供栖身之所、增殖渔业资源;当飓风、台风等灾害袭来时,它还能够有效减轻海浪对于海岸带的冲击,减少岸线侵蚀。而牡蛎礁栖息地的保护和修复是个长期的系统性工程,需要充分调动各方力量,从政策、科研、资金和社会参与等方面积极行动。) _! I9 ]7 m2 z; k8 M; w C
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3 q- P* `5 _8 E* |, @. j为扭转牡蛎礁的退化趋势,全球多个地区的海洋保护工作者、科研人员和多方社会力量开展了大量的修复研究与实践行动。大自然保护协会(TNC)作为其中一员,在牡蛎礁保护和修复领域进行了20多年的工作。目前,TNC正与合作伙伴在北美、欧洲及亚太地区(包括中国)修复牡蛎礁,恢复它所带来的生态、社会与经济效益。从小规模的修复研究与实践、到海湾河口的大规模修复规划与实施,都取得了良好的修复成效。目前,TNC在全球参与实施的牡蛎礁修复项目已有200多个。) H9 i! `0 a; j; s* I; B
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( X. U% u7 e" DConsider The Oyster by Bill Rodney音频:00:0004:045 B/ x6 Z" u7 R8 U5 S$ F9 K4 b
《关心关心牡蛎吧》是为了赞美牡蛎守护海洋健康而作的歌曲,歌中唱到牡蛎在净化水体、形成栖息地和抵御风暴的厉害之处,并指出:“它们可不只是顿饭这么简单”。+ G% L( `+ i( j- V9 k
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+ P" E, V) ?- C) U! DMUSIC AND LYRICS BY BILL RODNEY WITH YANIV BRENNER ON PIANO AND ORGAN . w+ T6 i- s" J( ^2 ~" i
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Consider the humble oyster living on the muddy bottom of the bay
/ \4 r$ t5 a/ A, q* t7 {Why it’s just a rock that’s filled with snot, I heard somebody say
3 M7 T, q4 x! L# U9 n& m& ?! Z/ vBut did you know that just one oyster can filter 50 gallons of water in one day?
/ R/ A' J0 O8 i+ LNow imagine 10 million oysters on a reef, whoa that blows my mind away
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$ X' K' v1 O& n, `' WVerse 2:# G2 T- L9 U5 ~5 `) @! o
When oysters filter water you know, they strain the small stuff out
( E7 O1 V! B/ JNutritious, delicious phytoplankton baby, that’s what it's all about) [+ ~- [' W( l: _
But of all the stuff they filter, only some is gonna make it to their mouth
# D, i2 t' j0 D7 o9 ?2 [3 AThe rest gets wrapped in a mucous ball and pseudo-spitted out
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. A: o& Z, u& Q" Z" y7 n. S, ?Chorus:
7 Q* |2 u6 F ZOysters – they’re filtering machines
: ?3 y& a' U& [* ROysters – they'll keep the water clean
$ l& d) [& e g1 u( T. B8 a7 xOysters – they’re habitat producers
: g9 C9 g6 U3 POysters – wave energy reducers0 O& q& l# W( `4 U0 q5 U
Oysters, oysters, oysters…they’re not just for breakfast anymore) `5 X9 ]3 _+ l
, C+ z" f1 @4 m0 SVerse 3:
% t7 B, p9 O+ m7 q3 x; j* ]And another thing about oysters, they build these gnarly reefs% t6 g- q- X/ t
That are home to crabs and shrimps and things, that Mr. Redfish likes to eat
* F2 c& D: I% `# f7 ]0 A7 xYeah that’s his destination when he's looking to obtain a tasty treat
- a+ }9 x' M' z! r/ ?And that stimulates production in the fishes, yeah I think that’s pretty neat
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Verse 4:
Z2 i8 j1 k% _8 w- y+ K& NWhen oysters build their gnarly reefs in skinny waters near the marshy shore
+ _- g9 T; C1 Q9 _* a1 W8 sThis creates an opportunity for the oyster to contribute even more7 G( r3 F0 E3 O4 f. S9 e) ^! U. T
They attenuate wave energy when the winds blow hard and make the white caps roar6 Q* G8 ^3 f. c1 v
The rugose reefs reduce erosive forces, yeah baby that’s a score+ V* w5 c9 Y: Q6 J
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Chorus:
4 t% S& x! k$ Q6 E; _Oysters – they’re filtering machines7 D9 P# Z K' |- u- T7 w
Oysters – help keep the water clean) K1 [: y2 H/ \. v6 ]
Oysters – they’re habitat producers9 b0 b( Q! F. z
Oysters – wave energy reducers) ]7 P3 F- {5 a* U) E5 f g
Oysters, oysters, oysters…the best come from Texas, don’t’ mess with the rest cause, they’re not just for breakfast anymore( y$ z3 M- g$ {4 I4 B
牡蛎礁,这一种令人惊叹的栖息地,不仅在海岸带生态系统中发挥着不可或缺的支撑作用,同时也可以作为基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS),例如配合海堤等灰色基础设施构成生态岸线,抵御风暴灾害的同时也为社区居民亲近自然、了解海洋提供重要渠道。我们相信,未来在大家的共同努力下,牡蛎礁将重新生机勃勃!/ d& V. l) b3 m6 i2 l# ?
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世界海洋日 d; h2 x: L: g: _8 Q
海洋覆盖了地球70%以上的面积。海洋是我们的生命之源,人类以及地球上其他所有生命都依赖于海洋。海洋产生了地球上至少50%的氧气,是地球上大多数生物多样性的家园,全球超过10亿人口摄入的蛋白质也主要来源于海洋。然而,我们的海洋正处于危机之中,受到海洋垃圾、过度捕捞、气候变化等因素的威胁。2022年世界海洋日的全球主题是“振兴海洋 集体行动”(Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean)。我们需要为子孙后代保护好美妙的海洋资源。
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